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Thursday, January 5, 2012
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Tuesday, January 3, 2012
Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid May Signal Early Alzheimer's (HealthDay)
MONDAY, Jan. 2 (HealthDay News) -- Searching for a better screen for early Alzheimer's disease, researchers think they have found a marker of change in the brain that precedes the onset of the disease by five to 10 years.
The indicator of trouble to come, they say, is a shift in the levels of specific components of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain and spinal cord. Among patients already diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, a drop in such levels appears to be a sign of Alzheimer's years before symptoms develop.
The discovery, published in the January issue of Archives of General Psychiatry, could potentially aid in the use of disease-modifying therapies, which are designed to work best if applied when a patient is still in the early stages of disease.
"These markers can identify individuals at high risk for future [Alzheimer's disease] at least five to 10 years before conversion to dementia," study author Dr. Peder Buchhave, of Lund University and Skane University in Sweden, noted in a journal news release. "Hopefully, new therapies that can retard or even halt progression of the disease will soon be available. Together with an early and accurate diagnosis, such therapies could be initiated before neuronal degeneration is too widespread and patients are already demented."
The study results stem from more than nine years of follow-up to prior research that had involved 137 patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, a mental state that often precedes dementia.
Over the course of the study, nearly 54 percent of the patients went on to develop Alzheimer's, while another 16 percent were ultimately diagnosed with different forms of dementia.
Specifically, among those who developed Alzheimer's, the researchers found that key aspects of their cerebrospinal fluid dropped off in the years before. In addition, other fluid properties actually went up.
The study team said that they believe that about nine out of every 10 patients with mild cognitive impairment who experience such fluid shifts will eventually go on to develop Alzheimer's disease.
Commenting on the study, one expert in the United States said that the new research "provides confirmation of the general concept that CSF can predict the progression of mild memory loss to mild dementia."
Dr. Sam Gandy, associate director of the Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, added that the results of the European study largely echo those of a trial reported by researchers at the U.S. National Institutes of Health in 2010.
He noted that methods of early detection might prove valuable for research into the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
"Most new Alzheimer's drugs are aimed at reducing amyloid [protein plaque] accumulation, and the general consensus is that these drugs will only work at early or presymptomatic stages of disease," said Gandy, who is also Mount Sinai Chair in Alzheimer's Disease Research. "The new paper strengthens the likelihood that CSF biomarkers can be useful for identifying that population of subjects with early or presymptomatic disease in order to recruit them into trials."
More information
For more on early signs of Alzheimer's, visit the Alzheimer's Association.
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Monday, January 2, 2012
Late-Stage Web Companies Took In The Largest Tech Investments Of 2011
One of the defining trends of modern web companies is that the top ones have been choosing to raise giant, private late-stage funding rounds instead of going public. Look at the ten companies that raised the most money last year, in?CrunchBase.Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/78-3hVCkC_M/
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Sun-oil mix deadly for young herring
Fish embryos surprisingly vulnerable to 2007 spill
Web edition : Friday, December 30th, 2011
A lethal combination of oil and sunlight proved unexpectedly toxic to herring embryos after a 2007 fuel spill in San Francisco Bay, virtually disintegrating the developing fish in the water.
Roughly 54,000 gallons of ship fuel spilled into the bay November 7, 2007 when the container ship Cosco Busan hit a tower supporting the San Francisco Bay Bridge. When herring spawned in the oiled waters in early 2008, researchers suspected the fish embryos would develop the heart troubles known from other spills, says environmental toxicologist Gary Cherr, director of the University of California, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory.
Swelling and malformed hearts did show up in herring embryos exposed to oil at depths greater than a meter in the bay. But embryos from shallower water were ?liquefying before our eyes,? Cherr says.
Sunlight reaching embryos near the water?s surface amplified the toxicity of something they absorbed from the ship fuel, argue Cherr, John Incardona of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration?s Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle and their colleagues. Their report on embryos in the bay appeared online December 27 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Results of lab tests are scheduled to appear soon in PLoS ONE.
Chemists know from lab studies that oil?s damaging effects can be intensified by light, a process known as phototoxicity. ?The real question has been, is phototoxicity simply a laboratory artifact or is it important in the field???says Mark Carls, a NOAA toxicologist and environmental chemist based at Auke Bay Laboratories in Juneau, Alaska. He says the new paper ?clearly indicates that phototoxicity can happen in the real world.?
The geography of the bay supports the spill-plus-light explanation for embryo breakdown, Incardona, Cherr and their colleagues contend. Embryos disintegrated in shallow but not deeper, darker water, and followed this pattern even along a coastline with little development and relatively little pollution. In contrast, embryos in both shallow and deep waters looked normal at two spill-free sites, even at one next to the runoff-rich Interstate Highway 580.
In lab tests with zebra fish embryos in various oil-water brews, tissue breakdown started within minutes to an hour of exposure to sunlight. Yet embryos in the dark developed just the familiar slow doom of heart malformations, Incardona and his colleagues reported in the August 1, 2010 Aquatic Toxicology.
In these tests unrefined, or crude, oil didn?t melt tissues, but the common ship fuel called bunker oil did. That?s what the Cosco Busan spilled, a mix that includes the concentrated dregs of refining.
Incardona has yet to figure out which of the many bunker ingredients causes the embryo breakdown. Multiple suspects exist among a group of oil components called polycyclic aromatic compounds that show up in affected embryos but hover elusively around current thresholds for detection, Incardona says.
?I?m actually pretty shocked at the level of the effect they saw,? says toxicologist and fish physiologist Fernando Galvez of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. He hasn?t seen tissue breakdown in killifish he studies for impacts of the Deepwater Horizon blowout. Yet he and Louisiana colleague Andrew Whitehead do find health troubles in fish exposed to just a touch of petroleum products.
?A fish that?s safe to eat isn?t necessarily an animal that?s developing properly or growing properly or reproducing properly,? Whitehead says.
Found in: Environment and Life
Source: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/337248/title/Sun-oil_mix_deadly_for_young_herring
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Sunday, January 1, 2012
Gulf states ready to offset Iran oil shortage
The remarks came as Iran?s vice-president warned his country was ready to close the Strait of Hormuz ? through which a sixth of the world?s oil flows ? if Western nations impose sanctions on its oil shipments. Western nations are growing increasingly impatient with Iran over its nuclear programme, and worries abound that new sanctions on the country could target its oil exports.
While the comments by Vice-President Mohamed Reza Rahimi may be little more than a warning by the country, they still stoked fears in the market.
A closure of the strait could force shippers to take longer, more expensive routes that would drive oil prices higher. It also potentially opens the door for a military confrontation with Iran that would further rattle global oil markets.
The Saudi oil ministry official told The Associated Press that Opec kingpin Saudi Arabia and other Gulf producers were ready to step in if necessary.
He did not say what other routes the Gulf nations could take to ship the oil if the strait was closed off.
The official spoke late on Tuesday on condition of anonymity because he was not authorised to discuss the issue.
Saudi Arabia, the world?s largest oil producer, has been producing about 10 million barrels per day, leaving it with over two million barrels per day in spare capacity.
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Verizon reverses on $2 fee for one-time payments
NEW YORK (AP) ? After a customer backlash, Verizon Wireless on Friday dropped a plan to start charging $2 for every payment subscribers make over the phone or online with their credit or debit cards.
In a statement on its website Friday, the company said "customer feedback" prompted the decision to drop the "convenience fee" it wanted to introduce on Jan. 15.
Verizon wanted to steer people to electronic check payments, which are cheaper, and automatic credit card payments, which are more reliable.
A petition on Change.org against the fees had gathered more than 95,000 names by Friday afternoon, a day after Verizon, the country's largest cellphone company, announced the fees. The petition was set up by Molly Katchpole, who earlier this year started a successful campaign to make Bank of America drop a $5-per-month fee for debit-card use.
Payment processors for power companies usually charge "convenience fees" of up to $5 for every payment made by phone or online, but cellphone companies haven't taken the step yet. The furor against Verizon hints that they may have to wait further.
Verizon Wireless serves 91 million phones and other devices on accounts that pay the company directly, and more who pay indirectly through other companies. It's a joint venture of Verizon Communications Inc. of New York and Vodafone Group PLC of Britain.
___
Online:
Verizon's statement: http://news.verizonwireless.com/news/2011/12/pr2011-12-30.html
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